Utopia By More Essays - Utopian Novels, Utopia, Utopian Fiction

Utopia By More Focus Question: How does More comment on his times through Utopia? Syllabus outcome: Describe the interrelationship between the religious environment and the social and cultural context on which the literature draws. Introduction: When I chose to review Utopia, I can honestly say that I had no idea of what I was letting myself in for. The book is so complex and there are so many conflicting ideas and interpretations that for a time I considered changing to an easier topic. However, Utopia is a fascinating book and gives an insight in European society just prior to the Reformation - obviously a time of major upheaval. My initial focus question was : How does Thomas More demonstrate in his book "Utopia" the hypocrisy of Christianity throughout the middle ages and how does he comment on possible solutions. However this question was much too broad and I felt that I was missing the whole point of the text and the insight it gives. So I modified the question to "How does Thomas More comment on his times through Utopia." Commentaries on Utopia were fairly hard to come by as shown in my diary, though I did find some useful texts. The movie "a man for all seasons" also gave an interesting insight into the life of Thomas More. It must also be said that interviews with experts were practically impossible as literary critics are few and far between and Utopia is no longer a source of inspiration to many people. Overall Utopia was a fascinating topic for research and I enjoyed learning more about it. All writers are influenced by the times in which they live and Thomas More was no exception. He wrote Utopia during a time of great upheaval and expectation throughout Europe. Furthermore, The Christian church was experiencing a period of great uncertainty and hypocrisy. Utopia was published in 1516; one year before Luther posted his 95 theses at Witenberg and the reformation officially began. Therefore, More wrote at a time when there was great poverty amongst the oppressed serfs. The Church was becoming increasingly corrupt, greedy rulers were waging wars throughout Europe to fulfill their own petty ambitions and the renaissance was causing a cultural uprising. Resultantly Utopia was a product of religious, social and cultural upheaval. As Erasmus once claimed in The Praise of Folly (1511), "contemporary pontiffs instead of being the vicars of Christ, had become the deadliest enemies of the Church, striving ceaselessly after wealth, honours, and countless pleasures, even stooping to fight with fire and sword to preserve their privileges. " When this work is juxtaposed with Luther's 95 theses and especially More's Utopia it becomes apparent that these key intellectuals were deeply dissatisfied with the church. Central to their ideas was the concept that faith alone, grace alone and Scripture alone justified a place in heaven without the purchasing of indulgences. The selling of indulgences was a practice whereby money was paid to guarantee salvation. In this way the Church amassed great wealth at the expense of the peasantry. Thus religious greed compounded social difficulties and made poverty and crime an acute problem which is considered by More in Utopia. In book 1, he considers what is wrong with civilisation. Especially with regard to the severity of the penal code and the unequal distribution of wealth. More, through his imaginary character Hythloday claims that the death penalty for stealing is too harsh and that he would much prefer to seek remedies that would eliminate the causes of stealing. He further describes how, that in the social context of 16th Century Europe men were forced to steal out of desperation and starvation. He argues that "the system was fundamentally faulty...in which non-productive noblemen maintained non-productive flunkeys while forcing the common labourers to drudge in abject poverty. " Furthermore, More makes a comment on the legal system of the times through discussing the Utopian legal system in which the laws are such that the simplest meaning is always correct, such that there are no need for lawyers and there are no loop holes in the law. Hence people can defend themselves regardless of their intellectual capactity. More then comments on the legal system of the time through the imaginary character Hythloday. He claims " in fact, when I consider any social system that prevails in the modern world, I can't, so help me God, see it as anything but a conspiracy of the rich to advance their own interests under the pretext of organising society. " More also makes mention of that "blessed

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example PRIVACY AND THEN NOW – Coursework Example Privacy now and then According to Warren and Brandeis, privacy was a reflection of social condition of its era. In fact, the concept of privacy developed by Warren and Brandeis was a response to industrialization, impersonalization of work and growth of mass urban areas. They argue that the right of privacy was a necessary outgrowth of the â€Å"intensity and complexity of life† realized through advancing civilization. They added that social standards and morality were to be protected hence the object of privacy according to Warren and Brandeis, was an effort to preserve communitarian values and institutions (Bezanson, 1992). The social and cultural changes that took place between 1890 and 1990 played a vital role in shaping today’s privacy rules. It is a fact to claim that circumstances have changed so much that the rationale of privacy also has to change (Bezanson, 1992). The 1890 privacy focused more on the problem of access by the lower class of society to gain the information regarding the upper class. However, the 1990 privacy was more of a democratic concept as opposed to class. That is, the concept of privacy focused on individual’s interest in some measure of control over self through control over information (Bezanson, 1992). In 1890, the privacy rules were intended to protect the operation of a fixed set of social arrangements and conventions through regulating the process of disclosing the information. On the contrary, the 1990 privacy rules aimed at giving an individual control over the disclosure of confidential personal information through a complex combination of personal and social relationship (Bezanson, 1992). In conclusion, the concept of privacy in the 21st century has been modified to focus on individual’s identified private information thereby addressing two concerns of the common law: rules of liability should be inclined to consistent and principled application, and rules should be established upon social con sensus that is a true reflection of the complexities of social arrangements. ReferencesBezanson, R. P. (1992). The Right to Privacy Revisited: Privacy News and Social change, 1890-1990. Carlifonia: Carlifonia Law Review.